1.数学工程与先进计算国家重点实验室,河南 郑州 450001
2.南京信息工程大学计算机与软件学院,江苏 南京 210044
3.南京理工大学自动化学院,江苏 南京 210014
[ "徐萌(1993- ),女,江苏泰州人,数学工程与先进计算国家重点实验室博士生,主要研究方向为信息安全。" ]
[ "罗向阳(1978- ),男,河南郑州人,数学工程与先进计算国家重点实验室教授、博士生导师,主要研究方向为图像隐写和图像隐写分析。" ]
[ "王金伟(1978- ),男,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,南京信息工程大学教授、博士生导师,主要研究方向为多媒体版权保护、多媒体取证、多媒体加密和数据认证。" ]
[ "王昊(1995- ),男,江苏连云港人,南京理工大学博士生,主要研究方向为信息安全、多媒体取证。" ]
收稿:2024-01-22,
修回:2024-07-28,
纸质出版:2024-08-25
移动端阅览
徐萌, 罗向阳, 王金伟, 等. 彩色图像隐写分析研究进展[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2024, 10(4): 49-62.
Format: XU M, LUO X G, WANG J W, et al. Research progress of color image steganalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2024, 10(4): 49-62.
徐萌, 罗向阳, 王金伟, 等. 彩色图像隐写分析研究进展[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2024, 10(4): 49-62. DOI: 10.11959/j.
Format: XU M, LUO X G, WANG J W, et al. Research progress of color image steganalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2024, 10(4): 49-62. DOI: 10.11959/j.
传统的加密通信技术易被察觉,很难满足安全通信的需求。数字隐写术通过对载体修改来隐藏信息,可以实现隐蔽通信。但是,隐写术也可能被用于非法行为,使检测隐写术的隐写分析技术受到了越来越多的关注,因此隐写分析技术具有重大的研究意义。深度学习在计算机视觉、模式识别和自然语言处理等领域取得了很多研究成果,给隐写分析带来了新机遇,提出了新挑战,促使隐写分析产生新思想、新方法。彩色图像是互联网传输过程中的主流载体。但现有的彩色图像隐写分析特征主要依赖于人工设计,且隐写分析特征将彩色图像当成3个独立的灰度图像,并未充分考虑彩色图像三通道间的内部联系,对载密图像的检测能力有待提高。深度学习在彩色图像隐写分析领域中的应用也处于初步阶段。因此在介绍隐写和隐写分析的概念、分类和研究意义,概述其研究现状后,重点介绍了几种针对彩色图像的隐写分析关键技术,对其进行对比和总结,并分析其发展趋势。
Traditional encrypted communication technologies have been easily detected and have struggled to meet the needs of secure communication. Steganography
capable of hiding information by modifying the carrier
has been utilized to realize covert communication. However
the potential for steganography to be employed in illegal acts has directed increasing attention towards steganalysis for the detection of steganography
thereby bestowing great research significance upon it. Deep learning has yielded numerous research achievements in fields such as computer vision
pattern recognition
and natural language processing
introducing new opportunities and challenges to steganalysis. These advancements have propelled the generation of new ideas and methods in steganalysis. Currently
color images constitute the mainstream carrier in the process of internet transmission. Nevertheless
existing steganalysis features for color images primarily rely on manual design and often treat the color image as three independent grayscale images
without fully considering the internal relationships between the three color channels
thus necessitating an improvement in detection capabilities for encrypted images. The application of deep learning in the field of color image steganalysis remains in its preliminary stage. The concepts
classifications
and research significance of steganography and steganalysis were introduced
along with an outline of their current research status. Several key techniques for the steganalysis of color images were introduced
compared
summarized
and their development trends were analyzed.
PROVOS N . Defending against statistical steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of 10th USENIX Security Symposium . Washington : ACM , 2001 : 323 - 336 .
SIMMONS G J . The prisoners' problem and the subliminal channel [M ] // Advances in Cryptology . Boston, MA : Springer , 1984 : 51 - 67 .
KAWAGUCHI E , EASON R O . Principles and applications of BPCS steganography [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE, Multimedia Systems and Applications . SPIE , 1999 : 464 - 73 .
NGUYEN B C , YOON S M , LEE H K . Multi bit plane image steganography [M ] // Digital Watermarking . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 2006 : 61 - 70 .
LUO W Q , HUANG F J , HUANG J W . Edge adaptive image steganography based on LSB matching revisited [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2010 , 5 ( 2 ): 201 - 214 .
PEVNÝ T , FILLER T , BAS P . Using high-dimensional image models to perform highly undetectable steganography [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2010 : 161 - 177 .
OMOOMI M , SAMAVI S , DUMITRESCU S . An efficient high payload ±1 data embedding scheme [J ] . Multimedia Tools and Applications , 2011 , 54 ( 2 ): 201 - 218 .
师夏阳 , 马赛兰 , 胡永健 , 等 . 一种基于像素块的纹理优先自适应隐写算法 [J ] . 电子学报 , 2015 , 43 ( 6 ): 1094 - 1100 .
SHI X Y , MA S L , HU Y J , et al . A pixel block-based adaptive steganographic algorithm with embedding priority given to image textures [J ] . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2015 , 43 ( 6 ): 1094 - 1100 .
MARVEL L M , BONCELET C R , RETTER C T . Spread spectrum image steganography [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Image Processing: a Publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society , 1999 , 8 ( 8 ): 1075 - 1083 .
WU D C , TSAI W H . A steganographic method for images by pixel-value differencing [J ] . Pattern Recognition Letters , 2003 , 24 ( 9/10 ): 1613 - 1626 .
WANG C M , WU N N , TSAI C S , et al . A high quality steganographic method with pixel-value differencing and modulus function [J ] . Journal of Systems and Software , 2008 , 81 ( 1 ): 150 - 158 .
KER A D . Improved detection of LSB steganography in grayscale images [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2004 : 97 - 115 .
KAWAGUCHI E , EASON R O , TESCHER A G , et al . Principle and applications of BPCS steganography [J ] . Multimedia Systems and Applications , 1999 , 3528 : 464 - 473 .
HIOKI H . A data embedding method using BPCS principle with new complexity measures [C ] // Proceedings of Pacific Rim Workshop on Digital Steganography . Kitakyushu, Japan : Pacific Rim Workshop Digital Steganography 2002 .
NODA H , SPAULDING J , SHIRAZI M N , et al . Application of bit-plane decomposition steganography to JPEG2000 encoded images [J ] . IEEE Signal Processing Letters , 2002 , 9 ( 12 ): 410 - 413 .
PARK Y R , KANG H H , SHIN S U , et al . An image steganography using pixel characteristics [M ] // Computational Intelligence and Security . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 2005 : 581 - 588 .
李星 . JPEG图像及解压图像中的隐写分析技术研究 [D ] . 郑州 : 解放军信息工程大学 , 2012 .
LI X . Research on steganalysis for JPEG images and decompressed images [D ] . Zhengzhou : PLA Information Engineering University , 2012 .
KODOVSKÝ J , FRIDRICH J . Quantitative structural steganalysis of Jsteg [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2010 , 5 ( 4 ): 681 - 693 .
PETITCOLAS F , ANDERSON R J , KUHN M . Information hiding-a survey [J ] . Proc IEEE , 1999 , 87 : 1062 - 1078 .
PHIL S . Model-based steganography [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Digital Watermarking . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2004 : 154 - 167 .
FRIDRICH J , PEVNÝ T , KODOVSKÝ J . Statistically undetectable jpeg steganography: dead ends challenges, and opportunities [C ] // Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & Ssecurity - MM&Sec '07 . New York : ACM , 2007 : 3 - 14 .
FRIDRICH J , GOLJAN M , SOUKAL D . Perturbed quantization steganography [J ] . Multimedia Systems , 2005 , 11 ( 2 ): 98 - 107 .
SOLANKI K , SARKAR A , MANJUNATH B S . YASS: yet another steganographic scheme that resists blind steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2007 : 16 - 31 .
COGRANNE R , GIBOULOT Q , BAS P . Steganography by minimizing statistical detectability: the cases of JPEG and color images [C ] // Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2020 : 161 - 167 .
TABURET T , BAS P , SAWAYA W , et al . JPEG steganography and synchronization of DCT coefficients for a given development pipeline [C ] // Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2020 : 139 - 149 .
BOROUMAND M , FRIDRICH J . Synchronizing embedding changes in side-informed steganography [J ] . Electronic Imaging , 2020 , 32 ( 4 ): 290-1- 290 - 12 .
GIBOULOT Q , COGRANNE R , BAS P . Detectability-based JPEG steganography modeling the processing pipeline: the noise-content trade-off [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2021 , 16 : 2202 - 2217 .
BERNARD S , BAS P , KLEIN J , et al . Explicit optimization of min max steganographic game [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2020 , 16 : 812 - 823 .
BERNARD S , BAS P , PEVNÝ T , et al . Optimizing additive approximations of non-additive distortion functions [C ] // Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2021 : 105 - 112 .
FRIDRICH J , GOLJAN M , SOUKAL D . Perturbed quantization steganography [J ] . Multimedia Systems , 2005 , 11 ( 2 ): 98 - 107 .
FRIDRICH J , PEVNÝ T , KODOVSKÝ J . Statisticallya undetectable JPEG steganography: dead ends, challenges, and opportunities [C ] // Proceedings of ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security . Dallas, Texas, USA : ACM , 2007 : 3 - 14 .
SACHNEV V , KIM H J , ZHANG R Y . Less detectable JPEG steganography method based on heuristic optimization and BCH syndrome coding [C ] // Proceedings of the 11th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security . New York : ACM , 2009 : 131 - 140 .
KIM Y , DURIC Z , RICHARDS D . Modified matrix encoding technique for minimal distortion steganography [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2007 : 314 - 327 .
HUANG F J , HUANG J W , SHI Y Q . New channel selection rule for JPEG steganography [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2012 , 7 ( 4 ): 1181 - 1191 .
LUO J , HE P S , LIU J Y , et al . Improving security for image steganography using content-adaptive adversarial perturbations [J ] . Applied Intelligence , 2023 , 53 ( 12 ): 16059 - 16076 .
PRAMANIK S . An adaptive image steganography approach depending on integer wavelet transform and genetic algorithm [J ] . Multimedia Tools and Applications , 2023 , 82 ( 22 ): 34287 - 34319 .
YAO Y , HUANG L C , WANG H , et al . Robust adaptive steganography based on adaptive STC-ECC [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Multimedia , 2024 , 26 : 5477 - 5489 .
张卫明 , 王宏霞 , 李斌 , 等 . 多媒体隐写研究进展 [J ] . 中国图象图形学报 , 2022 , 27 ( 6 ): 1918 - 1943 .
ZHANG W M , WANG H X , LI B , et al . Overview of steganography on multimedia [J ] . Journal of Image and Graphics , 2022 , 27 ( 6 ): 1918 - 1943 .
WESTFELD A , PFITZMANN A . Attacks on steganographic systems [C ] // Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Hiding . New York : ACM , 1999 : 61 - 76 .
FRIDRICH J , GOLJAN M . On estimation of secret message length in LSB steganography in spatial domain [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VI . SPIE , 2004 : 23 - 34 .
KER A D , BÖHME R . Revisiting weighted stego-image steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE Security, Forensics, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents X . SPIE , 2008 : 5 - 17 .
FRIDRICH J , SOUKAL D , GOLJAN M . Maximum likelihood estimation of length of secret message embedded using ±k steganography in spatial domain [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE, Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VII . SPIE , 2005 : 595 - 606 .
AVCIBAS I , MEMON N , SANKUR B . Steganalysis using image quality metrics [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Image Processing , 2003 , 12 ( 2 ): 221 - 229 .
HARMSEN J H , PEARLMAN W . Steganalysis of additive-noise modelable information hiding [J ] . SPIE Proceedings , 2003 , 5020 : 131 - 142 .
GOLJAN M , FRIDRICH J , HOLOTYAK T . New blind steganalysis and its implications [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VIII . SPIE , 2006 : 1 - 13 .
PEVNY T , BAS P , FRIDRICH J . Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2010 , 5 ( 2 ): 215 - 224 .
SHI Y Q , CHEN C H , CHEN W . A Markov process based approach to effective attacking JPEG steganography [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2007 : 249 - 264 .
CHEN C H , SHI Y Q . JPEG image steganalysis utilizing both intrablock and interblock correlations [C ] // Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) . Piscataway : IEEE Press , 2008 : 3029 - 3032 .
FRIDRICH J . Feature-Based steganalysis for JPEG images and its implications for future design of steganographic schemes [C ] // Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Hiding . New York : ACM , 2004 : 67 - 81 .
PEVNY T , FRIDRICH J . Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class JPEG steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE Proceedings" , "Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX. SPIE , 2007 : 67 - 81 .
TABURET T , FILSTROFF L , BAS P , et al . An empirical study of steganography and steganalysis of color images in the JPEG domain [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Digital Watermarking . Cham : Springer , 2019 : 290 - 303 .
COGRANNE R , GIBOULOT Q , BAS P . The ALASKA steganalysis challenge: a first step towards steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2019 : 125 - 137 .
YOUSFI Y , BUTORA J , FRIDRICH J , et al . Breaking ALASKA: color separation for steganalysis in JPEG domain [C ] // Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2019 : 138 - 149 .
BUTORA J , FRIDRICH J . Reverse JPEG compatibility attack [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2020 , 15 : 1444 - 1454 .
WU T , REN W X , LI D W , et al . JPEG steganalysis based on denoising network and attention module [J ] . International Journal of Intelligent Systems , 2022 , 37 ( 8 ): 5011 - 5030 .
FRIDRICH J , KODOVSKÝ J , HOLUB V , et al . Breaking HUGO–the process discovery [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2011 : 85 - 101 .
FRIDRICH J , KODOVSKÝ J , HOLUB V , et al . Steganalysis of content-adaptive steganography in spatial domain [C ] // Proceedings of International Workshop on Information Hiding . Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer , 2011 : 102 - 117 .
FRIDRICH J , KODOVSKY J . Rich models for steganalysis of digital images [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2012 , 7 ( 3 ): 868 - 882 .
HOLUB V . Content adaptive steganography - design and detection [D ] . State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Binghamton : Binghamton University , 2014 .
KODOVSKÝ J , FRIDRICH J . Steganalysis of JPEG images using rich models [C ] // Proceedings of Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 2012 . SPIE , 2012 , 8303 : 81 - 93 .
HOLUB V , FRIDRICH J . Phase-aware projection model for steganalysis of JPEG images [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 2015 . SPIE , 2015 : 94090T .
SONG X F , LIU F L , YANG C F , et al . Steganalysis of adaptive JPEG steganography using 2D Gabor filters [C ] // Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2015 : 15 - 23 .
LWOWSKI J , CORLEY I , HOFFMAN J . Neural steganalysis with spatial rich models for image steganography detection [EB ] . TechRxiv , 2020 .
MA Y Y , XU L G , ZHANG Y , et al . Steganalysis feature selection with multidimensional evaluation and dynamic threshold allocation [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology , 2024 , 34 ( 3 ): 1954 - 1969 .
TAN S Q , LI B . Stacked convolutional auto-encoders for steganalysis of digital images [C ] // Proceedings of the Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA), 2014 Asia-Pacific . Piscataway : IEEE Press , 2014 : 1 - 4 .
XU G S , WU H Z , SHI Y Q . Ensemble of CNNs for steganalysis: an empirical study [C ] // Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2016 : 103 - 107 .
XU G S , WU H Z , SHI Y Q . Structural design of convolutional neural networks for steganalysis [J ] . IEEE Signal Processing Letters , 2016 , 23 ( 5 ): 708 - 712 .
YE J , NI J Q , YI Y . Deep learning hierarchical representations for image steganalysis [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2017 , 12 ( 11 ): 2545 - 2557 .
CHEN M , SEDIGHI V , BOROUMAND M , et al . JPEG-phase-aware convolutional neural network for steganalysis of JPEG images [C ] // Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2017 : 75 - 84 .
XU G S . Deep convolutional neural network to detect J-UNIWARD [C ] // Proceedings of the 5th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security . New York : ACM , 2017 : 67 - 73 .
CHEN H , HAN Q , LI Q , et al . Image steganalysis with multi-scale residual network [J ] . Multimedia Tools and Applications , 2023 , 82 ( 14 ): 22009 - 22031 .
ZHANG X B , ZHANG X P , FENG G R . Image steganalysis network based on dual-attention mechanism [J ] . IEEE Signal Processing Letters , 2023 , 30 : 1287 - 1291 .
WU S T , ZHONG S H , LIU Y . Deep residual learning for image steganalysis [J ] . Multimedia Tools and Applications , 2018 , 77 ( 9 ): 10437 - 10453 .
GOLJAN M , FRIDRICH J , COGRANNE R . Rich model for Steganalysis of color images [C ] // Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS) . Piscataway : IEEE Press , 2014 : 185 - 190 .
GOLJAN M , FRIDRICH J . CFA-aware features for steganalysis of color images [C ] // Proceedings of the SPIE Media Watermarking, Security, and Forensics 2015 . SPIE , 2015 : 01 - 13 .
YEDROUDJ M , COMBY F , CHAUMONT M . Yedroudj-net: an efficient CNN for spatial steganalysis [C ] // Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP) . Piscataway : IEEE Press , 2018 : 2092 - 2096 .
KANG Y H , LIU F L , YANG C F , et al . Color image steganalysis based on channel gradient correlation [J ] . International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks , 2019 , 15 ( 5 ): 155014771985203 .
ZENG J S , TAN S Q , LIU G Q , et al . WISERNet: wider separate-then-reunion network for steganalysis of color images [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2019 , 14 ( 10 ): 2735 - 2748 .
WEI K K , LUO W Q , TAN S Q , et al . Universal deep network for steganalysis of color image based on channel representation [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , 2022 , 17 : 3022 - 3036 .
QIN C , CHEN Y F , CHEN K J , et al . Feature fusion based adversarial example detection against second-round adversarial attacks [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence , 2023 , 4 ( 5 ): 1029 - 1040 .
0
浏览量
22
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
京公网安备11010802024621