Survey of decentralized public key infrastructure

SHI Chaoming; YAN Zheng; ZHANG Zitong; WANG Haiguang; LI Tieyan

doi:10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2025064

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Survey of decentralized public key infrastructure

Comprehensive Reviews | 更新时间：2026-01-28

- Survey of decentralized public key infrastructure
- Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security Vol. 11, Issue 6, Pages: 17-35(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.西安电子科技大学网络与信息安全学院，陕西西安 710126
  2.西安电子科技大学空天地一体化综合业务网全国重点实验室，陕西西安 710071
  3.华为技术有限公司可信技术实验室谢尔德实验室，新加坡 238895
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
  
  The National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20300;62072351);The Key Research Project of Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation(2023-JC-ZD-35)
- DOI：10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2025064
  CLC： TP393
- Received：12 February 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-06-22，
  
  Published：25 December 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
史晁铭, 闫峥, 张滋烔, 等. 去中心化公钥基础设施综述[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2025, 11(6): 17-35.

SHI Chaoming, YAN Zheng, ZHANG Zitong, et al. Survey of decentralized public key infrastructure[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2025, 11(6): 17-35.
史晁铭, 闫峥, 张滋烔, 等. 去中心化公钥基础设施综述[J]. 网络与信息安全学报, 2025, 11(6): 17-35. DOI： 10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2025064.

SHI Chaoming, YAN Zheng, ZHANG Zitong, et al. Survey of decentralized public key infrastructure[J]. Chinese Journal of Network and Information Security, 2025, 11(6): 17-35. DOI： 10.11959/j.issn.2096-109x.2025064.

摘要

公钥基础设施作为网络与信息安全领域的重要组成部分，在数字身份认证、安全数据传输和完整性保护等场景发挥着关键作用。然而，传统公钥基础设施的中心化架构存在显著缺陷：用户完全依赖可信第三方机构，导致个人数据控制权被削弱，并引发单点故障、隐私泄露、中间人攻击等系统性风险，难以满足分布式网络环境的安全需求。为解决上述问题，去中心化公钥基础设施利用区块链技术实现去中心化的信任分布，有效消除单点故障风险；分布式账本技术使用户在进行身份验证时无须暴露过多的身份信息，降低隐私泄露的风险，同时其公开透明与不可篡改性可抵御数据窃取与身份伪造攻击，从而全面提升系统安全性与可靠性。系统梳理去中心化公钥基础设施的核心理论和技术基础，继而基于网络拓扑结构和信任管理模式，构建一个全面且系统的去中心化公钥基础设施分类框架。提出涵盖安全性、隐私性、性能以及其他维度的一系列评估指标，并根据提出的评估指标对现有的去中心化公钥基础设施方法进行回顾和分析。总结现有的去中心化公钥基础设施方法所面临的问题，并对未来趋势与研究方向进行展望。

Abstract

Public key infrastructure is an essential component in the field of network and information security

serving a critical role in scenarios such as digital identity authentication

secure data transmission

and integrity protection. However

the centralized architecture of traditional public key infrastructure has significant flaws

requiring users to fully rely on trusted third-party organizations

which undermines users' control over their personal data and leads to issues such as single point of failure

privacy leakage

and man-in-the-middle attack threats

thus making it difficult to adapt to the security demands of distributed network environments. To address these issues

decentralized public key infrastructure employs blockchain technology to achieve a decentralized distribution of trust

effectively eliminating the risk of single points of failure. Distributed ledger technology enables users to authenticate their identities while minimizing the exposure of personal information

thereby reducing the risk of privacy breaches. Furthermore

its transparency and immutability enhance protection against data theft and identity forgery

significantly improving the security and reliability of the system. The core theories and technological foundations of decentralized public key infrastructure are outlined. A comprehensive and systematic classification framework for decentralized public key infrastructure is constructed based on network topology and trust management models. A series of evaluation criteria encompassing security

privacy

performance

and other dimensions is proposed

and existing methods of decentralized public key infrastructure are reviewed and analyzed according to the proposed criteria. Finally

the challenges faced by current decentralized public key infrastructure methods are summarized

and insights into future trends and research directions are provided.

关键词

Keywords

references

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